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Abstract
This research paper explores the diverse and rich landscape of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) in ancient Maharashtra, situating them within the socio-cultural and political developments of the Deccan region from the early historic period to the late medieval era. Through a multidisciplinary approach that examines scriptural traditions, archaeological evidence, folk knowledge, ritual practices, and oral narratives, the paper highlights how Maharashtra served as a vibrant centre of intellectual, spiritual, and cultural innovation. The study argues that IKS in ancient Maharashtra evolved at the intersection of regional traditions, Vedic-Brahmanical systems, Buddhist teachings, and folk practices—creating a uniquely syncretic knowledge environment. It further demonstrates how knowledge production manifested in fields such as agriculture, water management, metallurgy, language, healing systems, social organization, and community rituals. The paper concludes that understanding the IKS of ancient Maharashtra provides essential insights into the Deccan's historical identity, continuity of traditions, and indigenous epistemologies that shaped social life long before the colonial encounter.